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Nouvelle Vague Manifesto; |
A
‘The right wing can only encourage people to make something famous that is
already written with capital letters’ (1)
The memory of a spectator: having
seen an image of a sphere, or a circle binding together Japanese history. The
sphere or circle is a stable eye or symbol of power, one that begins with the
Rising Sun (Hinomaru) and is today shamefully
reproduced as the trademark of Fuji TV and other television networks. In this
film, the sphere appears for an instant at the beginning as the destroyer that
both awakens us from the nightmare of capitalism and conceals that dream. It
then disappears. In a raucous drama arising from the discord of a brothel’s
internal power structure, the film only emphasizes a considerably unbearable
abomination. But after that scandal which refuses amnesia is finished, the
sphere or orb of steel appears, like at the beginning, as a higher power that
can destroy or hide the brothel. The director uses that concealment against the
power, and then proceeds into the past. In a similar way, these images summon
their source, which are TV images of an iron fist/orb wielded by the
authorities in order to bring the curtain down on a gruesome tragedy played out
in the mountains in the northern Kantō region at
the beginning of the 1970s. (2) From those images began the current Japanese
nation state. The Maze Garden (Hanazono no meikyū,
1988) (3) can only seem like an anachronism. And in 1997, Itō Shun’ya makes a film about Tōjō Hideki. (4)
B
‘But you can also steal the weapon of the enemy and use it’ (5)
‘I
feel that what comes very close to the "politics" I imagine is a certain
operation that presses us to choose between black and white, and, at the same
time, tries to sell us that white is black simply for the reason that it has
been and will probably continue to be that way.’ It was Kurosawa Kiyoshi who
wrote these words. Let us presume that what is called ‘politics’ here means ‘system’
and proceed on. ‘And cinema, abandoned by the economy and left behind by
culture, can probably live on in the end only by brandishing this operation. If
that is the case, I will accept this "politics" with profound emotion and fear.’
(6)
Isn’t he saying that by accepting
the ‘system’, he is extending his life as a filmmaker? Everything is
circulating within that closed ‘system’ – it is the ‘calm and serious game
played out in times of circulation’ (Ōe Kenzaburō). (7) At present, it seems that all of his
actions are based in this consciousness. His lawsuit against Itami Productions and Tōhō,
(8) his Suit Yourself or Shoot Yourself (Katte ni shiyagare!) series, the impenetrability of Cure (Kyua, 1997) – which will probably
become the masterpiece of 1990s Japanese film – all these reflect the same
tendency. This does not at all mean, however, that Kurosawa has become a man of
the ‘system’, or that he has reached the more philosophical perspective
concomitant with old age. The situation, rather, is the reverse. He has merely
been able to coolly perceive the ‘system’ and decode it – that is, to internalise it. The modus operandi of those who commit the
perfect crime is often like this. In the 1980s, he stubbornly called white ‘white’
and was almost wiped out as a result. Today, he nonchalantly transcends a
situation in which he must call what is white ‘black’. It is sufficient just to
comply with the bargain that the ‘system’ prepares for us in order to call
white ‘black’. After all, in cinema, anyone can see that white is white.
C
‘The ideology of labour has regained its rights’ (9)
The memory of an assistant director,
part 2: Kurosawa Kiyoshi said this to me one day: ‘I hate the zoom. You just
have to move your fingers. That’s not labour.’
Someone who did not hesitate to call himself a ‘craftsman’ was thus a labourer. Kurosawa had become aware that film ‘is not the
work of genius or of chance happenings, but of labour’.
Karatani Kōjin writes the following: ‘For instance, what Kant
calls the “subjective” in fact signifies the “labour”
that composes the world. It, in other words, is the foundation of modern
science, acquiring the truth through hypothesis and experiment. Even in Hegel,
the Spirit is the labour that produces and transforms
the world’. (10)
To rephrase this in the spirit of Arnaud Desplechin, with his slogan-like ‘Cinema composes the world’, (11) we can say that filmmaking is, in other words, the ‘labour that composes the world’. We can term our attitude towards labour ‘politics’, but it goes without saying that politics does not appear through depicting Tōjō Hideki or persecuted prostitutes. That is simply ‘narrative’. ‘Politics’ appears – and Ōshima Nagisa said something similar before – depending on the way it is filmed: the labour. Or, perhaps we can say it this way: no film can escape ‘politics’ as long as it undergoes a production process: labour.
Jean-Luc Godard, however, says that,
‘There are only love stories in cinema’: ‘In a war film, love is the feeling
the young soldier has for his gun, in a gangster film, the feeling they have
for what they steal. I think that love is cinema itself’. Godard, who the
previous year had already depicted the ‘love’ for labour in Passion, is another person who
treats cinema as ‘labour’. And as with labour, his attitude towards ‘love’ is also nothing other
than politics. In this case, what should be referred to as ‘politics’ is the
love or labour of the individual that (or who) can in
no way be universalised or generalised.
However, even if we have the ultimate ‘political’ film in A Tale of Sorrow and Sadness (Hisui monogatari, 1977) (12) – a film equating
politics with love that possesses far more destructive power than Tiger Woods –
that work has continually been ignored from the time it was released. That is
because it depicts the politics of individuals that cannot be universalised or generalised.
Even in the era that was thought to be the ‘season of politics’, I cannot help
but think that there was no politics – with perhaps the exception of Suzuki Seijun and Yamatoya Atsushi. (13)
This is what Godard says after the
above statement: ‘And that is what the Nouvelle Vague brought into the cinema
for the first time’.
There was no
Nouvelle Vague in Japan. Even that brilliant group of masterpieces could not in
the end become a nouvelle vague. That seems to be the truth.
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1. Thierry Jousse,
‘Intabyū Firippu Gareru’, trans. Umemoto Yōichi, Cahiers
du Cinema Japon 12 (1994), p. 38. Originally
published as ‘Le cinéma de crise’, Cahiers du cinéma 472 (October 1993), p. 33.
2. Translator’s note: In the Asama Sansō incident from February 1972, where fugitive
Japanese Red Army members holed up in a mountain cottage with a hostage, the
police used a wrecking ball to break down the walls of the villa, attack the
militants therein, and free the hostage. The incident was nationally televised,
making it one of Japan’s first live media news spectacles.
3. Translator’s note: A murder mystery
directed by Itō Shun’ya
about a series of killings that occur inside a Yokohama brothel in 1942. The
image of the wrecking ball appears showing that brothel being demolished in
present-day Japan.
4. Translator’s note: This refers to Pride, the Moment of Fate (Puraido, unmei no toki), a film
financed by right wing money that many accused of glorifying the war criminal Tōjō Hideki.
5. From a
private conversation with Kurosawa Kiyoshi..
6. Kurosawa Kiyoshi, ‘Eiga
o ikinobisaseru mono’, Representation no. 5 (1993), p. 127.
7.
From Natsukashii toshi e no tegami (Tokyo: Kōdansha,
1987).
8. Translator’s note: Kurosawa Kiyoshi
directed the horror film Sweet Home (Suwīto hōmu,
1989) for Itami Jūzō’s
Itami Productions and Tōhō,
but after continued conflicts with Itami over the
style of the film (Itami demanding more visual gore), he eventually sued the producers for not paying residuals
for video sales.
9.
‘Kyō no eiga to wa kaihōsareta
kojin no eiga de aru: Seruju Danē
vs Firippu Gareru’, trans. Sakamoto Abi, Cahiers du cinema Japon 12 (1994), p. 84. Originally published as ‘Philippe Garrel,
Serge Daney: Dialogue’, Cahiers du cinéma 443-44 (May 1991), pp.
58-63. Translator’s note: As the original
French differs in some nuances from the Japanese translation faithfully
rendered in the text, alternate translations (by Adrian Martin) of phrases from
this interview are provided in these notes.
10.
Karatani Kōjin, ‘Dōitsusei no enkan: Ōe Kenzaburō to Mishima Yukio’, Shūen o megutte (Tokyo: Kōdansha,
1995), p. 141.
11.
From a private conversation with the director.
12. Translator’s note: A film by Suzuki Seijun focusing on the loves of a female professional
golfer.
13. Translator’s note: Yamatoya Atsushi was both a screenwriter (working on such
films as Seijun’s Branded
to Kill [Koroshi no rakuin,
1967], which is credited to ‘Guryū Hachirō’, the name for a collective group of writers)
and a pink film director (Dutch Wife in
the Desert [Kōya no datchi waifu, 1967] and The Hairy Gun [Ke no haita kenjū,
1968] are his most acclaimed films).
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D
‘Today’s cinema is a liberated, individual cinema in which you don’t know what
to do’ (14)
The memory of a film critic: the
critic Abe Kashō, who seems to watch films with
the consciousness that the entirety of life is an accumulation of chance
occurrences, can also in this respect be strangely
termed political because his criticism continually conceives of the ‘totality’.
For instance, already in the first two lines in his critique of Arnaud Desplechin – ‘If one attempts to answer the
difficult problem, “What is life?”, a certain discomfort arises in people in
normal conditions’ (15) – a ‘totality’ appears in the form of a ‘difficult
problem’ and ‘normal conditions’, one that makes a ‘discomfort’ ‘arise’ in me.
But to whom is this a ‘difficult problem’? What
situations are ‘normal conditions’? In a way contrary to that of Kurosawa, Abe
assimilates himself to the politics=system without any excuse (or strategy),
and forces a fantasy devoid of any specificity upon the reader as a totality.
What a carefree ‘system of irresponsibility’ this is! (16) Here the Other is absent to an appalling degree. It is just like the
emperor system, content in a self-defense system in which nothing shocking or
chaotic arises. Furthermore, his writing lends proof to the absence of a
nouvelle vague, what one could call the fatal flaw of today’s Japanese film. The
names of Desplechin, Rohmer and Truffaut are spoken,
but a nouvelle vague as a way of thought is forgotten, as if it never existed.
‘A nouvelle vague
as a mode of thought’ is nothing other than a
discourse dueling over the sole point of how to treat the Other from a political perspective, with the subject
in struggle in the end being the individual. However, ignoring the subject (shutai) needed to
clearly define the individual is an unspoken premise that reigns
not just in Abe, but also in the discursive space of contemporary Japanese
cinema. This is just a self-concealing machine, a fearsome collective that
continues to expand by absorbing others, eradicating the individual. Without harbouring any doubts, they play day and night in this
virtual ‘Japanese nature’ (Nihon-teki shizen), never noticing
their own baseness, which becomes their cloak of invisibility.
E
‘There are some who inherit a cinema born of a certain unease’ (17)
The memory of a film
director: in response to my request that he define the concept ‘anti-film’,
mentioned in a published 1991 conversation with Serge Daney,
Philippe Garrel answered the following:
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14.
‘Kyō no eiga to wa kaihōsareta
kojin no eiga de aru’, p. 87. Translator’s
note: These words are spoken by Serge Daney; from
their original French context, they can be rendered into English as: ‘I have
the feeling that you [i.e., Garrel] occupy the limit
between that modern cinema which is a cinema of the couple and living together,
and current cinema where only the emancipated individual matters – a character
we don’t quite know what to do with’ (Cahiers,
p. 62).
15. Abe Kashō,
‘Gūyū to zentai’, Eiga geijutsu 382
(Spring 1997), p. 100. He uses the name Casio Abe when publishing in English.
16. Translator’s
note: Aoyama is referring to the political theorist Maruyama Masao’s famous
description of the Japanese modern emperor system as a ‘system of
irresponsibility’ (musekinin no taikei).
See Maruyama’s Thought and Behavior in Modern Japanese Politics, ed. Ivan Morris (London: Oxford University Press,
1963), p. 113.
17.
‘Kyō no eiga to wa kaihōsareta
kojin no eiga de aru’, p. 81; Cahiers,
p. 58.
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Anti-film
is, in other words, a cinema in which the artist declares an oppositional position
by creating and expressing his or her own method against the dominant écriture. This,
for instance, is the case with Nanni Moretti, Aki Kaurismäki or Arnaud Desplechin. When I said that,
the situation was quite dire: such a cinema was on the verge of extinction.
However, through them, the struggle has lived on and they have achieved
considerable success in Europe today. That is a good thing.
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Isn’t that what a ‘nouvelle vague’
is? In a strict sense, it is what constitutes ‘a nouvelle
vague as a mode of thought’, a ‘nouvelle vague’ as the creative activities of
an individual auteur. Couldn’t we say that it is like the ‘nouvelle vague’ of
the past – the one that proposed a politique des auteurs and developed it into a collective movement – but minus the factionalism and
‘cinema for cinema’s sake’? Philippe Garrel’s films
turn their backs on these latter two in a negative way. What they instead
pursue positively is life and isolation – in other words, love and the
individual. These are chosen for political reasons.
There is not a thread of
mythology in his words: ‘What we have striven for is a cinema that, while not
costing much money, correctly captures life’. (18) What exists there is a
life-size politics, one in the present, progressive tense. He always avoids collectivisation and confronts his own thought alone. He endeavours to make films like a shoemaker in a small shop.
The image of children projected on the monitor of an editing table in L’enfant secret (1982) was achieved when Garrel, hoping for a
simple and inexpensive distancing effect, went by himself to the editing room
after an afternoon’s shooting and ran the camera himself. He carried through
his own politics in order to achieve that rarified image – a vacuum on screen –
that fervently materialistic (yuibutsuronteki) impression which refuses a humanistic
perfume. It is not an easy road to take, but there are some effects that can
only be achieved in that fashion. An astounding level of concentration, one
that can withstand the pressures of time, is necessary in order to obtain a
materialistic image. This is impossible to do collectively; it is only feasible
through solitary work. There is no budget for optical effects, and the
insecurities of work multiply the insecurities of the content. But is there any
meaning to making films other than to achieve such effects? That’s why he chose
this method.
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18.
Ibid., p. 86. Rendering the original French: ‘What we aim for
is for the film to be more modest, while its grasp on life is more just’ (Cahiers, p. 61).
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F
‘I believe the individual more than I do the characters’ (19)
What does it mean to
present an ‘individual’ in film? Of course, it is the voice and the figure
projected on screen and nothing else. But there should also be a mode of
direction for presenting the individual. Garrel discovers that in speech. For instance, several of the actors who appear in La Naissance de l’amour (1993) cannot properly speak French. Normally in Japan, one ‘adjusts’ the
speech of an actor with an accent into standard Japanese (hyōjungo), even if the
meaning does get across. Garrel does not try to
correct those who cannot speak or understand French, but simply puts them on
screen as they are. At that moment, the actors are placed in a ‘liberated’ situation
in which they feel they ‘don’t know what to do’. As a result, individuals
appear who are inseparable from the Lou Castel or Johanna ter Steege playing the characters. French with Italian or
German accents is materialistically thrown before us, representing these
individuals themselves.
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19.
Thierry Jousse, ‘Interview with Philippe Garrel’, trans. Hayashi Hirokazu, Ai no tanjō/La
Naissance de l’amour, official Japanese theater
pamphlet (Tokyo: Bitter’s End).
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The de-nationalisation of language? But this is of a
completely different character from the multinationality of language evident in Wim Wenders’
recent works. In those films, the actors speak their own languages without any
impediment. They can understand their roles and interpret their written dialog
in their own ways. By speaking their mother tongues, they succeed in existing
like representatives of their countries. However, doesn’t ‘materialistic’ mean
to refuse to pass through interpretation, to be in a naked state that does not
represent anything other than itself – in other words, to be an individual?
I feel that Wenders suggests the transcendental state of angels through
the multinationality of language; in there is the
hope for a global salvation that one could call the ‘multinational army of
love’. That is a reflection of how Wenders conceives
the world. Faraway, So Close! (1993) and La Naissance de l’amour are two kinds of answers to the Persian Gulf
War, just as The Great Dictator (1940) and Rules of the Game (1939)
proffered two different ways of dealing with the arrival of World War II. Garrel’s criticism of Wenders is
that this can boil down to the same logic of America and the international
alliance – that is, of the participants in the war itself. In fact it was this
logic that sparked the chaos in Sarajevo.
Garrel takes
off from and lands in a completely different place. Both the world and the
individual can only appear through an individual facing the world. Garrel does not speak his thoughts on the world through
film. He merely allows the world to manifest itself – through depicting its
smallest unit, the individual. The world that then appears before the
individual is neither nationality, salvation nor hope – not anything – just a
space totally filled with daily life, one in which the mind is continually
assaulted by reality. Into that reality intrudes a TV screen reporting on the
Gulf War, possessing the same capacity as the blood-soaked daughter who just
emerged from her mother’s womb or the condoms bought at a drug store for a
tryst with a former lover. Somewhere in the world, someone is dying, someone is
being born, and someone is practicing contraception. We can affirm the world
only in conjunction with such a reality. And ‘that kind of reality’ is nothing
other than cinema. ‘Cinema
composes the world’.
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In Garrel,
there is clearly a will to resist the rule of the image. This is also
resistance against film being consumed in any which way. The image at times
becomes the ‘cover that blocks our thoughts from emerging’. (21) The image
gives birth to that privilege of the subject that Abe Kashō calls ‘accidental’ (gūyū). There is an Other and when
the self thinks of how to grasp that Other, the self/subject tries to universalise or generalise it,
rendering it easy to understand; it digests it by using the medium of the image
as a representation/representative (daikō/hyōshō) that can attach meaning to all forms
of existence. The image rules as a means of handily understanding an Other or a world that is
difficult to grasp. And thus, today, the Other if not
the world itself has turned into a virtual image. However, an ‘individual’
is from the start a unitary existence that possesses
no meaning and is representative of nothing. As long as one refuses to accept
the difficulty of grasping such an existence, there can be no Other and no world. The difficulty of Garrel’s works derives from this.
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21.
Ibid., p. 89; Cahiers, p. 63.
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However, it is not as if
his films feel heavy. In fact, they are strangely light. Perhaps that is
because the subject there insubstantially fades away. Of course there is
something like a protagonist in his films, and the world and Others are seen through that person’s perspective. However, that protagonist’s actions
or words are so unsubstantial, he or she does in the end not fulfill the
function of the work’s subject. Those around this character are more likely to
speak eloquently of their consciousness of Others and
the world. The hero merely listens to that and either scowls or smiles
ambiguously. Perhaps it is the blank expression of a nihilist, fitting into a
certain ‘image’, but that doesn’t work either. He or she is also an Other. Everyone is an individual who can be objectified. The
assertion that Garrel’s films are like an ‘I-novel’
thus only sounds to me like a bad joke. He himself declares of Benoît Régent in J'entends plus la guitare (1991): ‘He is not me’. He also states that, ‘No one can play Nico’. (22) They are themselves, individuals who bear no
one’s image. That’s why his films are simply light.
One cannot confirm too
many times that cinema is not the reproduction of the past, but a reality that
is continually being renewed.
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22.
From the interview for the official pamphlet sold at theatres during the
Japanese release of J’entends plus la guitare.
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H
‘Everything is connected to history’ (23)
I wrote something above
to the effect that a nouvelle vague is a struggle over how to treat the Other. At the same time, it should also be the battle over
the subject that grasps the Other; in other words, the
struggle to protect the individual as an individual. In the first place, wasn’t auteurism a movement to protect truly superlative
filmmakers as individuals by sweeping away the general image of them? At the
time, their strategy was to strengthen the fragile self/subject through collectivisation.
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23.
‘Kyō no eiga to wa kaihōsareta
kojin no eiga de aru’, p. 86; Cahiers,
p. 61.
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Liberating the
individual from the rule of the image is the mission of contemporary cinema.
The Nouvelle Vague ended because the collective had completed its function as a
strategy – it was like the graduation of a certain generation. For the next
generation, the Nouvelle Vague became nothing but an image, only a virtual
apparatus for obfuscating the self. That is why it was necessary for them to
return again to the self and re-forge the subject; they had to redo cinema not
as a recreation of a past nouvelle vague, but as a present that is continuously
and endlessly renewing itself. Garrel started from
that situation. At the time, he was not yet constructing narratives. But when he
passed the age of 30, he suddenly began telling stories in cinema. It was 1979,
the same year as Godard’s Sauve qui peut (la vie), and 20 years after the start of the
Nouvelle Vague.
Ever since then, his
narrative construction has tended to look the same. With the exception of Liberté, la nuit (1984), a story of the war in Algiers, all the rest appear to repeat the single
narrative of poverty and love between a man and a woman. One can suppose that
this larger narrative is conscious of the structure of silent action serials.
The story, which begins with L’enfant secret,
is carried on by Rue Fontaine (a
segment of Paris vu par . . . vingt ans après,
1984) and Emergency Kisses (Les Baisers de secours, 1989), and then by J’entends plus la guitare, La Naissance de l’amour and Le Cœur fantôme (1996) – continuing on in a form where each
film takes over where the previous film left off. This is different from
Truffaut’s Antoine Doinel films. In those, there is
the body Truffaut=Léaud, and that is the
basic condition of the Doinel films. It goes without
saying, however, that Garrel regularly changes the
actors playing the hero as a form of critique of the image.
This situation is rather closer to Ozu, in the sense of a structure where a single content is
reiterated time and time again with the same form; or in the sense that all the
subjects are individuals, rarified to the limit – all are Others; or in the
sense of the ‘presentness’ (genzaisei) shared between Léaud, who repeatedly appears from the early to the recent
films, and Ryū Chishū,
who continued to feature in Ozu’s work from the
silent era up until his death; or, more than anything else, in the sense of the
anarchic materialism that flippantly crosses the border between the conscious
and the unconscious. I do not have time to expand on that here, but I cannot
help recalling that famous shot of the urn in Ozu’s Late Spring (1949) when I watch the
images of dreams that appear in Garrel’s recent
films. What I find through these commonalities between Ozu and Garrel is what could perhaps be called the central possibility of contemporary cinema.
I am not absolutely sure about this, but I feel I want to take a gamble on it.
I am thus already a disciple of Garrel.
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I
‘What is most difficult these days is resisting the
neurotic urge to make sideshow entertainments’ (24)
The memory of a film director: while
shooting a frontally lit shot indoors on location, the crew discovered that the
reflection of the HMI light positioned behind the camera was making the edge of
the refrigerator look shiny. They sprayed something on that shiny part in order
to eliminate that unnatural ‘glare’. The surface then became a dull, inconspicuous
and ambiguous thing, and so a naturalness was born.
That spray is called dulling or anti-reflection spray. I was serious when I
thought, ‘Why use anti-reflection spray in a medium that depends on
reflection?’, but perhaps I tend to be paranoid. Nevertheless, it is a fact
that I am sick of the natural, the beautiful, the interesting. For me to be
satisfied, you would have to get rid of the spray, the HMI light, the
refrigerator, and in the end even the location set and the actors’ acting. If
that is the case, it would mean giving up filming altogether. Capitalism would
not permit that, however. And even if it did, I would not. So I continue
filming, staring at the glare on the refrigerator.
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24.
Ibid., p. 89. Translator’s note: Garrel’s original French formulation (which provides the
conclusion of his dialogue with Daney) is more strictly
Debordian: ‘At the moment, the most difficult thing
is to resist the neurosis of spectacle’ (Cahiers,
p. 63).
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I read an interview with Garrel done when he was visiting Japan, in which he said he
was reassessing Fassbinder. He said: ‘Everything is ugly because the films were
made on a low budget, but depending on what comes out from inside, there are
some works that are masterpieces of tremendous power’. Here, ‘resisting the
neurotic urge to make sideshow entertainments’ begins with first accepting this
surface unsightliness. This is completely inconsistent with the sense of values
that finds a hierarchy between low and high budgets, and considers big budgets
or a Hollywood contract as equal to success. It is also unrelated to such
aesthetic choices as selecting 35mm or 16mm film. The art in Japan of blowing
16mm up to 35mm is one of the best in the world, which is why you can continue
to set the budget lower.
Our difficulty is therefore not in
that area. It is in the complicatedness of reviving the lost interest in the
internal. What I mean here by ‘internal’ is the emergence of the individual – the
practice of a nouvelle vague as a mode of thought. This is a materialistic cinematic practice that conflicts with what
is generally called ‘depicting humanity’ or ‘depicting emotions’. The only
basis and possibility for making films today lies in that practice, at least
for me. There is a need to once again transform the very base of our methods.
Changing method in the end means altering our way of thinking. If ‘proceeding
toward the external is nothing but a fabrication’, one can only stop here and
erode it from within. I learned that from Philippe Garrel.
A nouvelle vague will
soon begin in our country.
This manifesto was
originally published under the title ‘Yo wa ikani shite Gareru shito ni narishi ka’ in Cahiers du Cinema Japon 21 (1997), pp.
166-175. It was republished under the title ‘Nūveru Vāgu sengen, arui wa yo wa ikani shite Gareru shito ni narishi ka’ in Aoyama Shinji, Ware eiga o hakkenseri (Tokyo: Seidosha, 2001), pp. 19-30. This English translation by
Aaron Gerow is based on the Seidosha version. The translator and LOLA thank Aoyama for helping provide sources for
many of the quotes used in the text.
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from Issue 6: Distances |
© Original Japanese text © Aoyama Shinji, 1997. English translation © Aaron Gerow and LOLA, 2015. Cannot be reprinted without permission of the author and editors. |